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📊 Network Performance Issues Network performance is essential to the efficiency and reliability of communication systems. The following are common performance issues that affect network communication: Latency: The delay in transmitting data from source to destination. Throughput: The rate at which data is successfully transferred from sender to receiver. Packet Loss: Loss of data packets during transmission, causing retransmissions. Jitter: Variations in the delay of data packets, leading to inconsistent network performance. ⚡ Fast Segment Processing To improve network performance, fast segment processing is critical. Techniques include: ...

📦 Encapsulation Encapsulation is the process of wrapping data with the necessary protocol information at each layer of the OSI or TCP/IP model. Each layer adds a header (and sometimes a footer) to the data from the upper layer. Enables modular communication: the lower layers do not need to understand the data they are transporting. 🔄 Example (Sending a Web Page over TCP/IP): Application Layer: HTTP Data Transport Layer: Adds TCP Header → TCP Segment Network Layer: Adds IP Header → IP Packet Data Link Layer: Adds MAC Header/Footer → Frame Physical Layer: Converts to Bits for transmission 🕳 Tunneling Tunneling is a method of encapsulating packets within another protocol to route over a network where the original protocol might not be supported. ...